Advances in Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Current Techniques and Outcomes

James R. Mitchell, MD, PhD; Sarah L. Chen, MD; Robert A. Williams, MD, FACS

Background: Minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) has evolved significantly over the past two decades, offering patients reduced surgical trauma and faster recovery. This comprehensive review examines the current state of MICS techniques, their c...